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Preface xv
Chapter 1 The Process and Profession of Design
Interior Design: A Lifetime Pursuit 2
The Language of Design 3
Residential and Contract Interior Design 3
Residential Interiors and Well-Being 4
The Need for Interior Design 4
The Process of Design 5
The Letter of Agreement 5
The Problem Statement 5
Research and Programming 5
Writing the Program 13
Design Development: Solving the Problem 14
Postoccupancy Evaluation 18
Contract Considerations 18
The Interior Design Profession 19
The Design Profession: Past and Present 19
Designer Skills 20
Training and Professional Development 20
Interior Design Resources 22
Careers in Interior Design 25
The Future of Interior Design 32
Chapter 2 Special Considerations in Design
Important Design Considerations 34
Environmental Considerations 34
Sustainability 34
Green Design 37
Other Environmental Issues 39
Considerations for Special Needs Users 44
Universal Design 44
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 44
Accessible Design 45
Design for Special Populations 45
Design for Motion Impairments 45
Design for Hearing Impairment 49
Design for Visual Impairment 49
Design for the Elderly 50
Other Special Populations 51
Special Design Considerations as Fundamental Goals 52
Chapter 3 Design Principles, Elements, and Style
The Principles of Design 54
Scale 54
Proportion 55
Balance 56
Rhythm 58
Emphasis 59
Harmony: Variety and Unity 60
The Elements of Design 62
Space 62
Shape or Form 63
Mass 64
Line 65
Texture 66
Pattern 67
Light 68
Color 68
Structural and Decorative Design 69
Design Discernment and Excellence 73
Cost Is Not the Issue 73
Training the Eye 73
Finding a Personal Style 74
Interior Design Styles 75
Chapter 4 Color
How We See Color 82
Subtractive Color 82
Visual Acuity and Defi ciency 82
Metamerism 82
Color Theory 84
The Standard Color-Wheel Theory 84
The Munsell Theory 86
Other Color Theories 87
Color Harmony 88
Considerations in Color Harmonizing 88
Neutralized Colors 88
Neutrals 90
Other Color-Infl uencing Factors 91
Color Psychology 93
Afterimage Simultaneous Contrast 94
The Color Trend Market 94
Residential and Contract Uses of Color 96
Color in Residential Interiors 96
Contract Considerations 97
Chapter 5 Lighting and Technology
Lighting in Interior Design 100
Natural Light 100
Combustion Lighting 100
Artifi cial Lighting 101
Fluorescent Lighting 102
Incandescent Lighting 104
Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting 105
Categories of Lighting Effects 106
Lighting Effects in the Interior 108
Light and the Mind and Body 109
Seasonal Affective Disorder 109
Manipulating Mood with Interior Lighting 110
Glare 111
Power Terminology and Units of Measurement 112
Luminaires, or Lighting Fixtures 113
Architectural Lighting 114
Nonarchitectural Lighting 116
A Lighting Plan 116
Lighting Economy 118
Lighting for the Future 118
Contract Considerations 119
Types of Contract Lighting 119
Lighting Economy in Contract Interiors 121
Contract Lighting for the Future 121
Technology 121
Information-Age Home Automation Systems 122
Information-Age Wiring and Installation 122
Wi-Fi Technology 123
Wiring Plans 124
Residential Built-in Systems 126
Contract Communication and Safety Systems 126
Chapter 6 Space Planning Considerations
Prioritizing Needs and Wants 130
Function First 130
Interrelating Functions 131
Brainstorming 131
New Construction versus Remodeling 132
Economic Considerations 135
Other Factors That Affect Economy in Planning Home Space 136
Features and Benefi ts 138
Considerations for Specifi c Areas 138
The Entry or Foyer 138
Formal Living Spaces 138
Home Offi ce Planning 138
The Library 143
Kitchen and Great Room Planning 144
The Laundry Room 146
Master Suite Planning 152
Family Bathrooms 154
Children’s Spaces 155
Indoor-Outdoor Living 156
Media and Entertainment Rooms 157
Hobby and Special-Use Areas 158
Storage 158
Space Planning and the Principles and Elements of Design 159
Living with Less Space 159
Making Large Spaces Seem Smaller 161
Traffi c Patterns 162
Rethinking the Box—Planning for Flexibility 162
Contract Considerations 164
Function and Zoning 164
Traffi c Patterns in Contract Spaces 168
Chapter 7 Floor Plans and Building Systems
Floor Plans 170
Diagramming and Floor Plans 171
Measurements of Space: Cubic and Square Footage 171
Shaping the Space 172
Site, Orientation, and Climate 172
Floor Plans and Housing 173
Floor Plan Symbols 173
Floor Plan Types 173
Types of Housing 173
Buying an Existing Home 180
Obtaining the Floor Plan 180
Construction Documents: Working Drawings or Blueprints 184
Who Will Do the Work 184
Constructing the Building 185
Structural Building Components and Systems 186
The Critical Path and the Punch List 192
Insulation and Energy Conservation 192
Active and Passive Solar Systems 195
Green Design 198
Contract Considerations 198
Contract Plumbing, HVAC, and Indoor Air Quality 198
Life Safety 203
Systems within the Plenum 204
Chapter 8 Furniture Arrangement
Function 206
Combining Functions 207
Mechanical Functions 207
Circulation 207
Human Factors 208
Anthropometrics 208
Standard Clearances 208
Proxemics 209
Crowding 211
Territoriality 211
The Elements and Principles of Design 212
Balance, Scale, and Mass 212
Rhythm 213
Emphasis 213
Line and Harmony 215
Form and Space 216
Proportion 217
Basic Groupings 218
Arranging Furniture with CAD Programs 222
Contract Considerations 223
Function 223
Contract Furniture Types 225
Planning for Systems Furniture 225
Circulation 225
Chapter 9 Furniture Selection
Wooden Furniture 228
Hardwood and Softwood 228
Other Forms of Wood 228
Case Goods 228
Wood Grains 229
Joining Methods 229
Wood Finishes 230
Metal Furniture 230
Types of Metal 230
Other Furniture Materials 231
Plastic 232
Leather 232
Wicker, Rattan, Cane, and Rush 232
Upholstered Furniture 233
Frames 234
Springs 234
Cushioning 234
Coverings 234
Furniture Categories 236
Obtaining Furniture 238
Furniture Harmony and Human Factors 239
Function 239
Anthropometrics and Ergonomics 240
Furniture Types 240
Systems Furniture 240
Ergonomic Superchairs 241
Custom Designs 241
Other Furniture Types 242
Contract Considerations 242
Ergonomics 242
Durability 249
Chapter 10 Architectural Detail
Walls 252
Wood Paneling 252
Moldings 254
Doors 255
Windows 259
Stairs 264
Fireplaces and Chimneypieces 266
Ceilings 269
Cabinetwork 272
Contract Considerations 273
Chapter 11 Wall, Ceiling, and Window Treatments
Wall and Ceiling Materials 276
Selection Guidelines 276
Hard or Rigid Wall Materials 277
Paint 277
Painting Guidelines 287
Wall Coverings 290
Wall-Covering Guidelines 290
Fabric-Covered Walls 292
Ceiling Treatments 293
Window Treatments 293
Window-Treatment Considerations 293
Soft Window Coverings 296
Alternative Window Treatments 296
Contract Considerations 297
Durability 306
Contract Ceiling Treatments 307
Contract Window Treatments 307
Less Pattern 308
Safety Codes 308
Chapter 12 Floor Materials and Coverings
Floor Requirements and Specifi cations 310
Calculations and Costs 310
Guidelines for Selecting Hard and Resilient Floor Materials 310
Hard Floor Materials 311
Resilient Floor Materials 315
Soft Floor Coverings 315
Carpeting 315
Rugs 322
Contract Considerations 330
Hard and Resilient Floorings 330
Rugs and Carpeting 331
Chapter 13 Fabric
Fibers 334
Fabric Maintenance 338
Fabric Construction 338
Finishes 341
Obtaining Fabric 341
Fabric—The Champion of Versatility 342
The Human Touch 342
Fabric Aesthetics 343
Fabric Weight and Applications 347
Contract Considerations 347
Decorative Fabric Glossary 348
Chapter 14 Art and Accessories
Fine Art 358
Sculpture 358
Painting 358
Mosaic 359
Drawing 359
Printmaking 359
Graphic Art, Photography, Reproductions, and Rubbings 360
Obtaining Fine Art 361
Preparing Art for Display 362
Decorative Art 362
Mirrors 362
Tableware and Cookware 362
Baskets 365
Clocks 365
Screens 366
Decorative Lighting Fixtures 367
Books 368
Textiles 369
Objects from Nature 370
Plants 370
Flowers and Greenery 370
Other Natural Objects 371
Other Accessories 371
The Use of Accessories 371
Collections 371
Overall Considerations 373
Emotionally Supportive Design 373
Contract Considerations 374
Chapter 15 Historic Infl uences in Design
Early Infl uences 378
Greece (Fifth Century B.C.) 378
Rome (200 B.C.–A.D. 400) 379
The Middle Ages (800–1500) 381
The Infl uence of the Orient 385
The Renaissance (1420–1650) 388
The Baroque Period (1580–1750) 390
European Infl uence in Historic America 391
Seventeenth-Century English Medieval Style (1608–95) 391
Early Georgian Style (1695–1750) 394
Late Georgian Style (1750–90) 398
Federal Style (1790–1830) 402
Jeffersonian Federal 402
American Vernacular Tradition (Seventeenth Century–Present) 405
Cape Cod Cottage (Seventeenth Century–Present) 405
Greek Revival/American Empire Style (1820–60) 407
Victorian Age in America (1837–1901) 411
Shaker Infl uence 416
Swedish Infl uence 417
German Infl uence 417
Dutch Infl uence 417
Louisiana French Infl uence 417
Spanish Missions 419
Southwest Adobe Style 419
California Ranch House 421
The Monterey House 422
The Beaux Arts Infl uence (1881–1945) 422
Historic European Style in Contemporary Design 423
Formal European Design 425
Vernacular European Design 426
Modern Design (1857–Present) 432
The Skyscraper (1857–Present) 432
Art Nouveau/Jugendstil (1890–1910) 432
Japanese Design 433
Craftsman Style (1905–1929) 434
Frank Lloyd Wright’s Organic Architecture (1908–Present) 438
Art Deco (1918–45) 439
International Style (1932–Present) 440
Scandinavian and Midcentury Design 443
Contemporary Trends 446
Putting Things in Perspective 447
Preservation 448
Glossary 453
Index 495
Interiors