NFPA 306:2014-Standard for the Control of Gas Hazards on Vessels

اختصاصی از زد فایل NFPA 306:2014-Standard for the Control of Gas Hazards on Vessels دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

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NFPA 306:2014

Standard for the Control of Gas Hazards on Vessels

BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Trapped Pressure and Vacuum, 2009

اختصاصی از زد فایل BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Trapped Pressure and Vacuum, 2009 دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

100 صفحه pdf

BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Trapped Pressure and Vacuum, 2009

A collection of booklets describing hazards and
how to manage them

سرفصلها:

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Theory of pressure and vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Different units of pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Absolute pressure vs. gauge pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 The behaviour of gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 Pressure-force relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.7 Compressed air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.8 Hydraulic and pneumatic systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.9 Identification of trapped pressure and unexpected
vacuum hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.10 Sources of trapped pressure and vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Hazards of trapped pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Breaking containment under pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Storage tanks are fragile vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3 Blocked/choked/isolated safety valves, vents and drains . . . . . . 25
2.4 Hydraulic legs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.5 Trapped pressure in pigging operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.6 Thermal expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.7 Ice or hydrate formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.8 Leak and pressure testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.9 Hydrostatic testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.10 Work permits and isolation certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.11 Trapped pressure underneath catalyst crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.12 Trapped pressure in a fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.13 Utility/process connections and flexible hoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.14 General advice and safe practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3 Hazards of vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.1 Ignorance of hazards of ambient pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.2 Blocked/choked/isolated vents and drains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.3 Steam condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.4 Ammonia dissolved in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.5 Management of change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.6 Can your vessels deal with vacuum? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4 Points to remember . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Short bibliography for regulations and norms . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Test yourself! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Acronyms and abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Air and Oxygen A collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them, 2004

اختصاصی از زد فایل BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Air and Oxygen A collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them, 2004 دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

63 صفحه

BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Air and Oxygen

A collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them, 2004

سرفصلها:

1 Some fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 The chemistry of fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5 Ignition sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6 Detonations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.1 How detonations develops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.2 Properties of detonations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.3 Conditions necessary for a detonation to occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.4 Detonation summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7 Other failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8 Avoid flammable mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
9 Eliminate oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10 Specific hazards of pure oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
11 Trapped pressure hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
12 Some points to remember . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Test yourself! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Acronyms and abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58