IPS-E-PR- 845:1996-ENGINEERING STANDARD FOR PROCESS DESIGN OF STEAM TRAPS

اختصاصی از زد فایل IPS-E-PR- 845:1996-ENGINEERING STANDARD FOR PROCESS DESIGN OF STEAM TRAPS دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

20 صفحه pdf

استاندارد وزارت نفت ایران

IPS-E-PR- 845:1996

ENGINEERING STANDARD FOR PROCESS DESIGN OF STEAM TRAPS

Chemical Process Equipment: Selection and Design, 3rd Edition

اختصاصی از زد فایل Chemical Process Equipment: Selection and Design, 3rd Edition دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

Chemical Process Equipment: Selection and Design, 3rd EditionVolume: Author(s):James R. Couper, W. Roy Penney, James R. Fair PhDSeries: Periodical: Publisher:Butterworth-HeinemannCity: Year:2012Edition:3Language:EnglishPages (biblio\tech):864\801ISBN:012396959X, 9780123969590ID:1573004Time added:2016-11-05 03:41:24Time modified:2016-11-05 03:41:26Library: Library issue:0Size:16 MB (17279877 bytes)Extension:pdf

BP Process Safety Series Safe Handling of Light Ends A collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them, 2007

اختصاصی از زد فایل BP Process Safety Series Safe Handling of Light Ends A collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them, 2007 دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

102 صفحه

BP Process Safety Series Safe Handling of Light Ends

A collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them, 2007

سرفصلها:

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Light ends defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 ABC’s of light ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1 As a gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 As a liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4 Light ends are everywhere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5 Handling light ends on process units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.1 During start-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2 During shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.3 During processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6 Storage of light ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.1 Activating storage vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.2 De-activating storage vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.3 Operations during active service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7 Handling LPG at truck transport and
railroad car terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.1 Operations common to loading and unloading tank
cars and tank trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.2 Operations concerning truck transports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.3 Operations concerning railroad tank cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
8 Design considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
8.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
8.2 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
8.3 Fire protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8.4 Design considerations for loading facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
9 Handling of LPG and light ends emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
9.1 Behaviour of light ends spills and fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
9.2 LPG incident response strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
10 Some points to remember . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Appendix 1: Example of operator fire safety
checklist for LPG storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Test yourself! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Acronyms and abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Trapped Pressure and Vacuum, 2009

اختصاصی از زد فایل BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Trapped Pressure and Vacuum, 2009 دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

100 صفحه pdf

BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Trapped Pressure and Vacuum, 2009

A collection of booklets describing hazards and
how to manage them

سرفصلها:

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Theory of pressure and vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Different units of pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Absolute pressure vs. gauge pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 The behaviour of gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 Pressure-force relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.7 Compressed air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.8 Hydraulic and pneumatic systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.9 Identification of trapped pressure and unexpected
vacuum hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.10 Sources of trapped pressure and vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Hazards of trapped pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Breaking containment under pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Storage tanks are fragile vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3 Blocked/choked/isolated safety valves, vents and drains . . . . . . 25
2.4 Hydraulic legs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.5 Trapped pressure in pigging operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.6 Thermal expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.7 Ice or hydrate formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.8 Leak and pressure testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.9 Hydrostatic testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.10 Work permits and isolation certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.11 Trapped pressure underneath catalyst crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.12 Trapped pressure in a fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.13 Utility/process connections and flexible hoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.14 General advice and safe practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3 Hazards of vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.1 Ignorance of hazards of ambient pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.2 Blocked/choked/isolated vents and drains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.3 Steam condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.4 Ammonia dissolved in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.5 Management of change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.6 Can your vessels deal with vacuum? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4 Points to remember . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Short bibliography for regulations and norms . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Test yourself! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Acronyms and abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Air and Oxygen A collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them, 2004

اختصاصی از زد فایل BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Air and Oxygen A collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them, 2004 دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

63 صفحه

BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Air and Oxygen

A collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them, 2004

سرفصلها:

1 Some fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 The chemistry of fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5 Ignition sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6 Detonations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.1 How detonations develops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.2 Properties of detonations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.3 Conditions necessary for a detonation to occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.4 Detonation summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7 Other failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8 Avoid flammable mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
9 Eliminate oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10 Specific hazards of pure oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
11 Trapped pressure hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
12 Some points to remember . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Test yourself! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Acronyms and abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58